Stephen Cho | Coordinator of the Korean International Forum
English
The world anti-imperialist camp will certainly win
The flames of World War 3, instigated by imperialism, are spreading from Eastern Europe to West Asia (the Middle East) and traveling toward East Asia. The main culprit in provoking war in the modern world is imperialism. Imperialism is provoking World War 3 to form the βNew Cold Warβ confrontation. The war in Ukraine began with the Maidan coup in 2014 and entered full swing with the launch of Russiaβs special military operation in 2022. The war in Palestine began with Hamasβ operation βAl-Aqsa Floodβ as a response to zionist occupation and endless provocations. The war in Ukraine didnβt immediately expand into a wider war across Eastern Europe, but the war in Palestine immediately expanded into a wider war across West Asia. The war in West Asia began with the βAl-Aqsa Floodβ operation and entered full swing with Irans operation βTrue Promiseβ. It is a war between Israeli zionism and the βAxis of Resistance,β including Iran. While the war in Ukraine was a trigger for the war in West Asia, the wars in Ukraine and West Asia are now acting as triggers for war in East Asia. We can expect the war in East Asia to promote the expansion of the war in Eastern Europe and the further escalation of war in West Asia.
Imperialism is driving World War 3 to the point of no return in the run-up to Novemberβs US presidential election. The imperialists are trying to prevent Donald Trump from coming to power, fearing that he may try to pull the USA out of the war in Ukraine, and even withdraw the country from NATO. While the DPRK and China are enduring constant imperialist provocations with patience, and are refraining from precipitously launching a war in East Asia, the imperialists are frantically trying to expand their ongoing wars in Ukraine and West Asia. They have given explicit permission to Ukrainian forces for direct attacks on Russian territory with NATO-provided long-range weapons. France has sent its own troops to Ukraine, and its nuclear aircraft carrier Charles De Gaulle has conducted military exercises in the Mediterranean, threatening Russiaβs military port in Syria, while French Rafale fighters flew to Kaliningrad as part of this tactical nuclear drill. In the same vein, the US army rehearsed the deployment of its containerized missile launcher, capable of firing tactical nukes, in Bornholm, Denmark. The Baltic Sea has been transformed into the βNATO Seaβ, and Poland is requesting the deployment of tactical nuclear weapons. Meanwhile, Israel has launched a brutal attack on 1.5 million civilians camped out in Rafah, continuing to massacre civilians and to push for an escalation of the war against Hezbollah in Lebanon. Like Ukraineβs Volodymyr Zelensky, whose presidency is over, Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu has no other option but to expand the war, beleaguered by plunging approval ratings, protests demanding his resignation, and cabinet resignations.
A world war is a major war between camps on a global scale. World War 1 was an interimperialist war, World War 2 was an antifascist war, and World War 3 is an anti-imperialist war. Unlike World War 1, World War 2 and World War 3 were just wars waged under the banner of antifascism and anti-imperialism for one of the sides. The anti-imperialist camp does not want war; it actively pursues peace. It has always been imperialism that wants and provokes wars. Imperialism plots, instigates and provokes wars to maintain and expand its colonies, to militarize the economy and earn monopolistic superprofits through special demand for war. Through means of war it aims to strengthen the imperialist camp and crush the anti-imperialist camp. The Korean war, the Vietnam war and the Iraq war were not world wars, which are large wars between camps on a global scale, but local wars limited to one country. The war in Ukraine, the war in West Asia, and the impending war in East Asia are World War 3 in which Russia, the βAxis of Resistanceβ such as Iran, the DPRK and China form the anti-imperialist camp while the USA and Europe form the imperialist camp. In the present situation, we have one war against imperialism, an anti-imperialist war, and one front against imperialism, an anti-imperialist front. There is only one war and one front, but several battlefields. The three main battlefields are in Eastern Europe, West Asia, and East Asia. Although fighting is taking place in many parts of west Asia, these essentially form a single battlefield against Israeli zionism and its imperialist masters waged by the βAxis of Resistanceβ.
The war in Ukraine is an anti-imperialist and antifascist war, a war of liberation, a preventive war. The war in West Asia is an anti-imperialist, anti-zionist liberation war. The war in Taiwan will be an anti-imperialist liberation war and a war of reunification. The war in the βRepublic of Korea (ROK)β will be an antifascist, anti-imperialist war of subjugation and an internal war. Although each of these three battlefields has different specific characters, all have the essential commonality of being anti-imperialist wars. The opposition to imperialism is a banner of justice that represents our era. Even if the imperialist camp denies it, it cannot deny the just nature of antifascism, liberation and national reunification. The war of the anti-imperialist camp is not only a just war waged against imperialism but also a just war waged under the banner of antifascism, liberation and reunification. In World War 3, justice is entirely on the side of the anti-imperialist camp.
Monopoly capital is the domestic expression, while imperialism is the external expression. Monopoly capital conceals the contradiction of polarization between lower and upper with the two-party system of βleftβ and βrightβ. It also dominates the people, combining social-democratic reform policies with openly fascist repression policies. Social democracy in the USA and Britain and fascism in Germany and Italy before World War 2 are essentially the same, rooted in monopoly capitalism; the only difference is the outward form of political control. In developed capitalist countries, monopoly capital changes its ruling method sometimes to social democracy and sometimes to fascism in order to overcome its political crisis and carry its economic purpose. On the other hand, the fascism that has emerged in the oppressed countries since the 1960s was exported and planted by imperialism. The mainstream of domestic capital in these countries is either foreign monopoly capital or comprador capital, and the military fascists are mostly puppets trained by imperialism.
We can see these pro-imperialist puppets today in Ukraine, Israel, the βROKβ, and Taiwan. Zelensky, Netanyahu and the βROKβs Yoon Suk-yeol are all outright imperialist puppets and fascists. There is no doubt that Lai Ching-te in Taiwan is also an imperialist puppet. Imperialism manipulates them in various ways. One of its common tactics is to force them to resort to war as a nuclear option, since the more profound the political and economic crisis grows, the more dependent they become on imperialism. In East Asia alone, the Japanese and Taiwanese governments, on the so-called βfirst island chainβ and the βROKβ government, which threatens the DPRK, are all in this situation. Taiwanβs Lai Ching-te is a fierce separatist, while the βROKβs Yoon Suk-yeol has declared the DPRK to be the βprimary enemyβ and has been conducting nuclear war exercises to invade the North with the USA, claiming the right to make a βpre-emptive strikeβ.
In Japan, Fumio Kishida, who took office after the leading pro-Russian politician Shinzo Abe was mysteriously shot and killed in July 2022, is keen on forming the Asian version of NATO with the βROKβ as forced by the USA. Kishida of Japan and Yoon Suk-yeol of the βROKβ are actively working on completing the βIndo-Pacificisation of NATOβ having participated in successive NATO summits in Madrid, Spain (June 2022), Vilnius, Lithuania (July 2023) and Washington, USA (July 2024). The fact that NATO, an imperialist warmongering alliance that has been initiating and perpetuating World War 3, is extending its war scheme beyond West Asia to East Asia is raising great concern not only among Asians but among all the peoples of the world who long for peace. Already, imperialism has been thoroughly implementing a strategy to expand NATO, the supposedly βNorth Atlanticβ military alliance, into to the Indo-Pacific via the βAukusβ and βQuadβ groupings.
Imperialism is worried about the possibility of a Trump victory in the upcoming US presidential election. This is because if elected, Trump will likely try to immediately withdraw from the war in Ukraine and eventually from NATO. Trump met with the DPRK Chairman Kim Jong Un in Singapore in 2018, in Hanoi, Vietnam in 2019, and in Panmunjom, Korea in 2020, and has remained in contact with him since leaving office. While Trumpβs βdecouplingβ policy is limited to the economic sector, President Joe Bidenβs βde-riskingβ policy, under the guise of the βNew Washington Consensusβ, while appearing to be milder than the βdecouplingβ policy is in fact merely a disguise for pushing for Taiwanβs separation and independence and driving cross-Strait relations toward war. Of course, we thoroughly oppose all imperialist policies that represent the interests of US monopoly capital, whether they come from Trump or Biden. However, we take note of political conflicts that have erupted because of the deepening inner contradiction in the USA owing to its political and economic crisis, and we do not overlook the importance of the antiwar peace movement, which is amplifying these conflicts. We naturally oppose racism and fascism, which execrate Jews in general, and agree that the fundamental solution to the Palestinian issue lies in the eradication of zionism. We support a peaceful coexistence based on the eradication of zionism, not on the βtwo-state solutionβ of the Oslo accords, which is practically bankruptβanother βMinsk agreementβ. We note that historically, it was Christian Western Europe that persecuted Jews, not Islamic West Asia.
Imperialist New Cold War schemes are a reflection of the systemβs weakness, not its strength. World War 3 is an extreme option for attempting to escape the political, military and economic crises that arise from the realistic recognition that the unipolar world domination system cannot be maintained. Roger F Wicker, the Republican ranking member of the US Senate Committee on Armed Services, himself let slip in late May that it is an intentional provocation to define Russia, Iran, China and the DPRK as a βnew axis of aggressorsβ. Grouping Russia and the βAxis of Resistanceβ, including Iran, which are presently at war, and China and the DPRK, which are not presently at war, into one βaxisβ or camp clearly confirms the fact that the war in East Asia is imminent and who is the driver and provocateur of World War 3. Imperialism is no longer hiding its strategy of demonizing Russia, China and the DPRK as βaggressorsβ through World War 3, exhausting them as much as possible through proxy wars, and creating a βNew Cold Warβ system to eventually win the final victory as it did in the βCold Warβ.
The βCold Warβ and the βNew Cold Warβ have big differences. Both have in common that they reflect the political and economic crisis and vulnerability of imperialism. But, unlike the Cold War, which emerged after World War 2, the New Cold War began with World War 3 and will enter full swing after World War 3. Both the βCold Warβ and the βNew Cold Warβ are confrontations between the anti-imperialist and imperialist camps. However, during the βCold Warβ, the anti-imperialist camp was formed by socialist forces as the leading force with the forces of national liberation as the auxiliary force. On the other hand, in the New Cold War, the DPRK, China and Russia are the leading forces, and the other world anti-imperialist forces, including Iran and the βAxis of Resistanceβ are the auxiliary forces.
The DPRK, China and Russia are all nuclear and missile powers with all types of nuclear weapons and delivery systems, with the DPRK being the most steadfast socialist country, China being a socialist country with Chinese characteristics, and Russia being a country with a strong socialist heritage. The current socialist states of the DPRK and China, along with the former socialist state of Russia, have been more united than ever in the same anti-imperialist camp. It is no coincidence that after being re-elected recently, President Putin first visited China and then the DPRK in June to sign the βComprehensive Strategic Partnership Treatyβ, elevating the DPRK-Russia relations to the highest level, the alliance level.
Today, understanding how we define the character of Russian and Chinese societies has become a touchstone between revolutionaries and opportunists. Those who mistakenly describe Russia and China as imperialist are basing their analysis on a totally unscientific understanding of imperialism. It is just as problematic to fail to analyze imperialism in its economic aspects as it is to define imperialism only in economic terms. In this context, the Communist Party of Greeceβs theory of the βimperialist pyramidβ, which views all capitalist countries as imperialist, has emerged. This most absurd revisionist and opportunist, reactionary theory is practically contributing to imperialismβs policy of dividing the communist movement. This is why it is unsurprising that the Communist Party of Greece has taken the lead in dividing the international communist movement.
The most significant feature of the βNew Cold Warβ, in particular, the situation of World War 3, is that, first, the DPRK, the most thoroughly socialist country and the one most severely blockaded by imperialism, has become a nuclear and missile superpower, occupying a key position and playing an important role in the anti-imperialist camp. Second, the former Soviet Union and, currently, Russia, which had been at odds with China since the mid-1950s, are uniting firmly with China in the anti-imperialist camp. Third, the βAxis of Resistanceβ, including Iran, is waging a robust armed struggle on an anti-imperialist, anti-zionist front. In addition, the world anti-imperialist camp is increasingly raising the level of anti-imperialist armed struggle and popular struggle in Latin America and the Sahel region of Africa. The anti-imperialist camp is overwhelming the imperialist camp by its superiority in capabilities, combining strong leading forces with a wide range of auxiliary forces, and its wisdom in methods, combining anti-imperialist armed struggles with anti-imperialist popular struggles.
Moreover, by holding the banner of not only anti-imperialism but also undeniable justice in the present eraβantifascism, liberation and national reunification, the anti-imperialist camp holds the moral high ground in every battlefield of the present war. To make matters worse for imperialism, it has lost even a petty semblance of at least formal logic owing to the glaring logical contradiction between its anti-Russian and its pro-Israeli propaganda.
Imperialist weakness is equally evident in its military operations. In World War 3, the imperialists have used inducing warfare, where it has provoked war; expeditionary warfare, where it fights far away from its own territory and close to its enemies; proxy warfare, where it uses puppet armies; and hybrid warfare, so far excluding tactical nuclear weapons. In the anti-imperialist camp, Russia, China and the DPRK are all fighting or faced with fighting wars close to their present national boundaries, directly and vigorously, avoiding being entangled in war provocations, and none have ruled out the use of tactical nuclear weapons if that becomes necessary to end the war quickly. The imperialist powers are very afraid that if they directly attack the main territories of Russia, China and the DPRK with tactical nuclear weapons, their retaliatory nuclear strikes will eventually result in mutually assured destruction (MAD). It is unquestionable who will be the ultimate winner of the confrontation between the USA and European NATO, countries which are fighting a proxy war and a war of attrition for the superprofits of monopoly capital on the one side, and Russia, China and the DPRK, which are directly and fiercely engaged in wars for the great cause of antifascism, liberation and national reunification. Just as the just antifascist camp won World War 2, the just anti-imperialist camp will win World War 3. Unlike the Cold War, imperialism will suffer a disastrous defeat in its New Cold War.
Since its foundation in Paris, France, in October 2022, with the three major goals of expanding the world anti-imperialist struggle, waging anti-opportunist ideological warfare and strengthening the communist movement, the World Anti-imperialist Platform has held international conferences and organized mass rallies and demonstrations under the banner of anti-imperialism in Belgrade, Serbia (December 2022), Caracas, Venezuela (March 2023), Gwangju and Seoul, the βROKβ (May 2023), and Athens, Greece (November 2023), each time issuing joint declarations and trying to unite the anti-imperialist forces. In March-April 2024, the Platform arranged a European tour for revolutionary musical troupe from the βROKβ. In May 2024, a Platform delegation visited the Donbass region of Russia and stood in active solidarity with local communist and anti-imperialist forces. In June 2024, the Platform held an international conference in Madrid, Spain. All this has been aimed at strengthening the world anti-imperialist struggle.
The most important ideological and theoretical task in the world anti-imperialist struggle today is to wage an unwavering and sharp ideological war against pseudo-communist forcesβwhether revisionist, opportunist or sectarianβwhich oppose βAxis of Resistanceβ countries like Russia and Iran, which are at the forefront of the anti-imperialist struggle, and which are accusing Russia, China and even the DPRK of βimperialismβ. And the most important practical task in the world anti-imperialist struggle is for the communist forces to strengthen the anti-imperialist movementβs capacity by wisely leading the pro-Russian and pro-Palestinian forces to join into a single anti-imperialist front with a scientific analysis and revolutionary line.
We will continue our indomitable struggle for the final victory of the world anti-imperialist camp, promoting our slogans βWorkers of the world, unite!β and βThe people, united, will never be defeated!β Along the way, we will advance and realize a world without imperialism and fascismβa world where the people become the masters of politics and economy. The world anti-imperialist campβs great cause of justice must win.
Korean
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μ°λ¦¬λ μ€λ μ΄ μΉμ κ΅μ£ΌμκΌλκ°μλ₯Ό μ°ν¬λΌμ΄λμ μ΄μ€λΌμ, <νκ΅>κ³Ό λλ§μμ λͺ©κ²©νκ³ μλ€. μ €λ μ€ν€μ λ€νλν, μ€μμ΄μ λͺ¨λ μ² μ ν μ κ΅μ£ΌμκΌλκ°μλ©° νμμ€νΈλ€. λΌμ΄μΉλλ μ κ΅μ£ΌμκΌλκ°μμμλ νλ¦Όμ΄ μλ€. μ κ΅μ£Όμλ λ€μν λ°©μμΌλ‘ μ΄λ€μ μ‘°μ’
νλλ°, μ μΉκ²½μ μ μκΈ°κ° μ¬νλ μλ‘ μ κ΅μ£Όμμ λμ± μμ‘΄νλ©° μ μμ΄λΌλ κ·Ήλ¨μ μ νμ νλλ‘ μ λνλκ²μ μμ©μλ²μ€ νλλ€. λμμμλ§ λ΄λ λμ€ν¬μλ§μΈ μ΄λ₯Έλ° <1λλ ¨μ >μ μΌλ³Έ, λλ§μ μ λΆλ€κ³Ό μ‘°μ μ μννλ <νκ΅>μ λΆκ° λͺ¨λ μ΄λ° μν©μ λμ¬μλ€. λλ§μ λΌμ΄μΉλλ κ·Ήλ ¬ν λΆλ¦¬λ
립주μμλ©° <νκ΅>μ μ€μμ΄μ μ‘°μ μ <μ£Όμ >μΌλ‘ μ ν¬νκ³ <μ μ ν격>μ μ£Όμ₯νλ©° λ―Έκ΅κ³Ό μ°μΌ λΆμΉ¨ν΅μ μμ°μ΅μ λ²μ΄κ³ μλ€.
μΌλ³Έμ λνμ μΈ μΉλ¬μ μΉμΈ μλ² κ° 2022.7 μλ¬Έμ μ΄κ²©μ΄ν΄λ₯Ό λΉνν μ·¨μν κΈ°μλ€κ° λ―Έκ΅μ΄ μν€λλλ‘ <νκ΅>κ³Ό ν¨κ» <μμμνλν >λ₯Ό κ²°μ±νλλ° νμμ΄ λΌμλ€. μΌλ³Έμ κΈ°μλ€μ <νκ΅>μ μ€μμ΄μ 2022.6 μ€νμΈ λ§λ리λ, 2023.7 리ν¬μλμ λΉλ΄μ€μ μ΄μ΄ 2024.7 λ―Έκ΅ μμ±ν΄μ λν μ μνλ΄μ μ°μμΌλ‘ μ°Έκ°νλ©° <λν μμΈλννμν>λ₯Ό μμ±νλλ° μ κ·Ή λμκ³ μλ€. 3μ°¨μΈκ³λμ μ μΆλνλ λνμ μΈ μ μλλ§ΉμΈ λν κ° μμμμλ₯Ό λμ΄ λμμμκΉμ§ κ·Έ μ μμ λ§μλ₯Ό λ»μΉκ³ μλ€λκ²μ μμμμΈμ λμ΄ ννλ₯Ό μΌμνλ μ μΈκ³μΈμ κ°μ₯ ν° μ°λ €λ₯Ό λΆλ¬μΌμΌν€κ³ μλ€. μ΄λ―Έ μ κ΅μ£Όμλ <μ€μ»€μ€>, <μΏΌλ>λ±μ κ±°μΉλ©° λΆλμμκ΅°μ¬λλ§ΉμΈ λν λ₯Ό μΈλννμμΌλ‘κΉμ§ νμ₯μν€λ μ λ΅μ μ£Όλλ©΄λ°νκ² μννκ³ μλ€.
μ κ΅μ£Όμλ λ―Έλμ μμ νΈλΌνμ λΉμ μ μ°λ €νκ³ μλ€. νΈλΌνκ° λΉμ λλ©΄ μ¦μ μ°ν¬λΌμ΄λμ μμ μμ λΌκ³ μ₯μ°¨ λν μμλ νν΄ν κ°λ₯μ±μ΄ λκΈ°λλ¬Έμ΄λ€. νΈλΌνλ μ‘°μ μ κΉμ μκ΅λ¬΄μμμ₯κ³Ό 2018 μ±κ°ν¬λ₯΄, 2019 λ² νΈλ¨ νλ
Έμ΄μμ νλ΄νκ³ 2020 μ½λ¦¬μ νλ¬Έμ μμ νλνλ° μμΌλ©° ν΄μμ΄νμλ μ§μμ μΌλ‘ μ°λ½νκ³ μλ€. λ νΈλΌνλ λλ§μ λΆλ¦¬λ
립μ μΆμ§νμ μ΄ μλ€.(μμ ) νΈλΌνμ <λ컀νλ§>μ μ±
μ κ²½μ λΆμΌμ νμ λκ²μ΄λ€. λ°λ©΄ λ°μ΄λ μ <λ리μ€νΉ>μ μ±
μ <μ μμ±ν΄μ»¨μΌμμ€>λΌκ³ ν¬μ₯νλ©° <λ컀νλ§>μ μ±
λ³΄λ€ μνλλ― λ³΄μ΄λ μ€μμ λλ§μ λΆλ¦¬λ
립μ κ°ννλ©° μμκ΄κ³λ₯Ό μ μμΌλ‘ λͺ°μκ°λκ²μ μμ₯νλκ²μ λΆκ³Όνλ€. μ°λ¦¬λ λ―Έκ΅μ λ
μ μλ³Έμ μ΄ν΄λ₯Ό λλ³νλ μ κ΅μ£Όμμ μ±
μ΄ νΈλΌνμμΌλ‘ λμ€λ λ°μ΄λ μμΌλ‘ λμ€λ λΉμ°ν λͺ¨λ μ² μ ν λ°λνλ€. λ€λ§ λ―Έκ΅λ΄ μ μΉκ²½μ μκΈ°λ‘ μΈν λ΄λΆλͺ¨μμ΄ μ¬νλλ©° ν°μ Έλμ€λ μ μΉκ°λ±μ μ£Όλͺ©νλ©° μ΄λ₯Ό μ¦νμν€κ³ μλ λ°μ ννμ΄λμ μ€μμ±μ κ²°μ½ κ°κ³Όνμ§μλλ€. μ°λ¦¬λ λΉμ°ν μ λμΈμΌλ°μ μ¦μ€νλ μΈμ’
μ£Όμ, νμμ¦μ λ°λνλ©° νλ μ€νμΈλ¬Έμ μ κ·Όλ³Έμ ν΄κ²°μ΄ μμ€λμ¦μ κ·Όμ μ μλ€λλ°μ λμνλ€. μ€μ²μ μΌλ‘ νμ°λ <λλ€λ₯Έλ―Όμ€ν¬νμ >μΈ <μ€μ¬λ‘νμ >μ <2κ΅κ°ν΄λ²>μ΄ μλλΌ μμ€λμ¦μ κ·Όμ μ κΈ°μ΄ν ννμ 곡쑴μ μ§μ§νλ€. μμ¬μ μΌλ‘ μ λμΈμ λ°ν΄νκ²μ κΈ°λ
κ΅μ μμ λ½μ΄μ§ μ΄μ¬λκ΅μ μμμμκ° μλλ€.
μ κ΅μ£Όμκ° <μ λμ >μ νμ±
νλκ²μ κ°λμ±μ΄ μλλΌ μ·¨μ½μ±μ λ°μμ΄λ€. 1κ·ΉμΈκ³μ§λ°°μ²΄μ λ₯Ό μ μ§ν μ μλ€λ νμ€μ νλ¨μμ λΉλ©΄ν μ μΉΒ·κ΅°μ¬Β·κ²½μ μ μκΈ°λ₯Ό λͺ¨λ©΄νκΈ° μν κ·Ήλ¨μ μ νμ΄ 3μ°¨μΈκ³λμ μ΄λ€. λ€λ§ μ΄λ λ―Έμμκ΅°μ¬μμν곡νλΉκ°μ¬ μμ»€κ° 5μλ§ μ€μ€λ‘ νλ‘νλ―μ΄ λ¬μμμ μ΄λ, κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μ€κ΅κ³Ό μ‘°μ μ <μ μΉ¨λ΅μμμΆ>μΌλ‘ κ·μ νκΈ° μν μλλ λλ°μ΄λ€. μ μμ΄ μ§νμ€μΈ λ¬μμμ μ΄λλ±<μ νμμΆ>κ³Ό μ μμ΄ μλ μ€κ΅, μ‘°μ μ νλμ <μΆ>, μ§μμΌλ‘ λ¬Άμλ€λλ°μ λμμμμ μ΄ μλ°νλ€λ μ¬μ€κ³Ό ν¨κ» 3μ°¨μΈκ³λμ μ μνμ΄ λꡬμΈμ§κ° μ λλΌνκ² νμΈλλ€. μ κ΅μ£Όμλ νΉν λ¬μμμ μ€κ΅, μ‘°μ μ 3μ°¨μΈκ³λμ μ ν΅ν΄ <μΉ¨λ΅μ>λ‘ μ
λ§ννκ³ λ리μ μ ν΅ν΄ μ΅λν μλͺ¨μν¨ν <μ λμ >체μ λ₯Ό λ§λ€μ΄ κ²°κ΅ <λμ >λμ²λΌ μ΅νμΉλ¦¬λ₯Ό ν΄λ³΄κ² λ€λ μ±
λ΅μ μ΄μ λμ΄μ μ¨κΈ°μ§μκ³ μλ€.
<λμ >κ³Ό <μ λμ >μ λ§μ΄ λ€λ₯΄λ€. <λμ >κ³Ό <μ λμ >μ λͺ¨λ μ κ΅μ£Όμμ μ μΉκ²½μ μ μκΈ°, μ·¨μ½μ±μ λ°μνκ³ μλ€λ 곡ν΅μ μ΄ μμΌλ, 2μ°¨μΈκ³λμ μ΄νμ μΆνν <λμ >κ³Ό λ¬λ¦¬ <μ λμ >μ 3μ°¨μΈκ³λμ κ³Ό ν¨κ» μ΄λ―Έ μμλμΌλ©° 3μ°¨μΈκ³λμ μ΄ν 본격νλ κ²μ΄λ€. <λμ >κ³Ό <μ λμ >μ λͺ¨λ λ°μ μ§μκ³Ό μ κ΅μ£Όμμ§μμ λκ²°μ μΈλ° <λμ >μκΈ° λ°μ μ§μμ μ¬νμ£ΌμμΈλ ₯μ΄ μ£Όλμλμ΄κ³ λ―Όμ‘±ν΄λ°©μΈλ ₯μ΄ λ³΄μ‘°μλμΈλ° λΉν΄ <μ λμ >μκΈ° λ°μ μ§μμ μ‘°μ , μ€κ΅, λ¬μμκ° μ£Όλμλμ΄κ³ μ΄λλ±<μ νμμΆ>μ λΉλ‘―ν κΈ°νμΈκ³λ°μ μΈλ ₯μ΄ λ³΄μ‘°μλμ΄λ€.
μ‘°μ , μ€κ΅, λ¬μμλ λͺ¨λ ν΅κ³Ό μ΄λ°μλ¨μ κ°μ§κ³ μλ ν΅λ―Έμ¬μΌμ΅κ°κ΅μ΄λ©° μ‘°μ μ κ°μ₯ μ² μ ν μ¬νμ£Όμκ΅κ°, μ€κ΅μ μ€κ΅νΉμμ μ¬νμ£Όμκ΅κ°, λ¬μμλ μ¬νμ£Όμμ μ°κ΅κ°λ€. νμ¬νμ£Όμκ΅κ°λ€μΈ μ‘°μ , μ€κ΅κ³Ό μ μ¬νμ£Όμκ΅κ°μΈ λ¬μμλ κ°μ λ°μ μ§μμμ κ·Έ μ΄λλ보λ€λ κ΅³κ² λ¨κ²°νκ³ μλ€. νΈν΄μ΄ μ΅κ·Ό λν΅λ Ήμ μ¬μ λν 맨먼μ μ€κ΅μ λ°©λ¬Έν μΌκ³Ό 6μ μ‘°μ μ λ°©λ¬Έν΄ <ν¬κ΄μ μ λ΅λλ°μμ‘°μ½>μ 체결νλ©° μ‘°λ¬κ΄κ³λ₯Ό μ΅μμΌλ‘, λλ§Ήμμ€μΌλ‘ 격μμν¨κ²μ κ²°μ½ μ°μ°μ΄ μλλ€.
λ¬μμμ μ€κ΅μ μ¬νμ±κ²©μ μ΄λ»κ² 보λκ°λ μ€λλ νλͺ
κ³Ό κΈ°νμ£Όμλ₯Ό κ°λ₯΄λ μκΈμμ΄λ€. λ¬μμμ μ€κ΅μ μ κ΅μ£Όμλ‘ λ³΄λ 견ν΄λ μ κ΅μ£Όμμ λν λΉκ³Όνμ μ΄ν΄μ κΈ°μ΄ν μμ ν μ€λ₯λ€. μ κ΅μ£Όμλ₯Ό κ²½μ μΈ‘λ©΄μμλ§ κ·Έλ³Έμ§μ κ·μ νλκ² λͺ»μ§μκ² κ²½μ μΈ‘λ©΄μμμ‘°μ°¨λ λ³Έμ§μ μΌλ‘, μ λ©΄μ μΌλ‘ 보μ§λͺ»νλκ²μ λ¬Έμ λ€. μ¬μ§μ΄ λͺ¨λ μλ³Έμ£Όμκ΅κ°λ₯Ό μ κ΅μ£Όμκ΅κ°λ‘ 보λ 그리μ€κ³΅μ°λΉμ <μ κ΅μ£ΌμνΌλΌλ―Έλ>λ‘ κΉμ§ λ±μ₯νλλ°, μ΄λ κ°μ₯ ν©λΉν μμ μ£Όμ, κΈ°νμ£Όμ<μ΄λ‘ >μΌλ‘μ μ€μ²μ μΌλ‘ μ κ΅μ£Όμμ 곡λμ£Όμμ΄λλΆμ΄μ μ±
μ κΈ°μ¬νλ λ°λμ΄λ‘ μ΄λ€. 그리μ€κ³΅μ°λΉμ΄ κ΅μ 곡λμ£Όμμ΄λμ λΆμ΄μν€λλ° μμ₯μλκ²μ΄ λλμ§μμ μ΄μ λ€.
<μ λμ >μκΈ° νΉν 3μ°¨μΈκ³λμ μ μΈμ κ°μ₯ ν° νΉμ§μ 첫째, κ°μ₯ μ² μ ν μ¬νμ£Όμκ΅κ°μ΄λ©΄μλ μ κ΅μ£Όμμ κ°μ₯ μ² μ ν λ΄μμ μ±
μ λΉν μ‘°μ μ΄ ν΅λ―Έμ¬μΌμ΅κ°κ΅μ΄ λΌ λ°μ μ§μμμ ν΅μ¬μ μ§μλ₯Ό μ°¨μ§νκ³ μ€μν μν μ μννκ³ μλ€λκ²μ΄λ€. κ·Έκ²μ λμ§Έ, 1950λ
λ μ€λ°μ΄ν λ΄λ΄ λ립νλ ꡬμλ ¨Β·νλ¬μμκ° μ€κ΅κ³Ό λ°μ μ§μμμμ κ΅³κ² λ¨κ²°νκ³ μλ€λκ²μ΄λ€. κ·Έκ²μ μ
μ§Έ, μ΄λλ±<μ νμμΆ>μ΄ λ°μ λ°μμ€λμ¦μ μ μμ κ°κ³ ν 무μ₯ν¬μμ μ κ°νκ³ μλ€λκ²μ΄λ€. μ΄μΈμλ μΈκ³λ°μ μ§μμ λΌν΄μλ©λ¦¬μΉ΄μμμ μν리카μ¬ν¬μ§μμμ λ°μ 무μ₯ν¬μλ°λμ€ν¬μμ μμλ₯Ό κ°μλ‘ λμ¬λκ°κ³ μλ€. λ°μ μ§μμ μ΄λ λ― κ°λ ₯ν μ£Όλμλκ³Ό κ΄λ²μν 보쑰μλμ κ²°ν©μ΄λΌλ μλμμ°μμ λ°μ 무μ₯ν¬μκ³Ό λ°μ λμ€ν¬μμ κ²°ν©μ΄λΌλ λ°©λ²μνλͺ
ν¨μΌλ‘ μ κ΅μ£Όμμ§μμ μλνκ³ μλ€.
μ¬κΈ°μ λ°μ μ κΈ°μΉλ§μ΄ μλλΌ νμλ λꡬλ λΆμΈν μ μλ λ°νμΌ, ν΄λ°©, ν΅μΌμ΄λΌλ μ μμ κΈ°μΉλ₯Ό λ€κ³ ν¬μνλ©° μ μλͺ
λΆμ μμ ν νμ΄μ₯κ³ μλ€. μ€μκ°μμΌλ‘ μ κ΅μ£Όμλ λ°λ¬μμνλ‘νκ°λ€μ μΉμ΄μ€λΌμνλ‘νκ°λ€μμ λ
Όλ¦¬μ λͺ¨μμΌλ‘ κ·Έλλ§ κ°μ§κ³ μλ μλν νμλ
Όλ¦¬λ§μ λ μμ΄λ²λ Έλ€.
μ κ΅μ£Όμμ μ΄λ¦¬μμμ μμ μμλ μ¬μ€ν λλ¬λκ³ μλ€. μ κ΅μ£Όμλ 3μ°¨μΈκ³λμ μμ μ μμ λλ°νλ μ λμ , μ κ΅ κ°κΉμ΄κΉμ§ λ©λ¦¬ κ°μ μΈμ°λ μμ μ , 주ꡬλ€μ μμΈμ°λ λ리μ , μ μ ν΅μ λ°°μ ν νμ΄λΈλ¦¬λμ μ ꡬμ¬νκ³ μλ€. λ°μ μ§μμ λ¬μμ, μ€κ΅, μ‘°μ μ μ μλλ°μ μ΅λν λ§λ €λ€μ§μμΌλ©΄μ λ³Έν κ°κΉμ΄μ, μ§μ , μ¬νμ μΌλ‘ μ μμ μνλ©° λμ λ°λΌ μ μμ λΉ λ₯΄κ² μ’
κ²°μν¬ μ μ ν΅μ¬μ©μ λ°°μ νμ§μκ³ μλ€. μ κ΅μ£ΌμμΈλ ₯μ μ μ ν΅μΌλ‘ λ¬μμ, μ€κ΅, μ‘°μ μ μν λ₯Ό 곡격ν λμ 보볡ν΅κ³΅κ²©μΌλ‘ κ²°κ΅ μνΈνμ¦νκ΄΄(MAD)κ° μΌμ΄λλκ²μ κ°μ₯ λλ €μνκ³ μλ€. λ°νμΌ, ν΄λ°©, ν΅μΌμ λμμλ μ§μ μ¬νμ μΌλ‘ μνλ λ¬μμ, μ€κ΅, μ‘°μ μ λΉν΄ λ
μ μλ³Έμ μ΄κ³Όμ΄μ€μ μν΄ λ리μ , μλͺ¨μ μ λ²μ΄λ λ―Έκ΅κ³Ό μ λ½λν κ΅μ λκ²°μ μ μ΅νμΉμκ° λꡬμΈκ°λ λΆλ¬Έκ°μ§λ€. 2μ°¨μΈκ³λμ μμλ μ μμ μ§μμ λ°νμΌμ§μμ΄ μΉλ¦¬νλ―μ΄ 3μ°¨μΈκ³λμ μμλ μ μμ μ§μμΈ λ°μ μ§μμ΄ μΉλ¦¬ν κ²μ΄λ€. μ κ΅μ£Όμλ <λμ >κ³Ό λ¬λ¦¬ <μ λμ >μμ λΉμ°Έν ν¨λ°°λ₯Ό λ©΄μΉλͺ»ν κ²μ΄λ€.
μΈκ³λ°μ νλ«ν¬μ΄μ 2022.10 νλμ€ ν리μμ μΈκ³λ°μ λμ€ν¬μνλ, λ°κΈ°νμ£Όμμ¬μμ μ κ°, 곡λμ£Όμμ΄λκ°νμ 3λλͺ©νλ₯Ό λ΄κ±Έκ³ μΆλ²ν μ΄λ, 2022.12 μΈλ₯΄λΉμ λ² μ€κ·ΈλΌλ, 2023.3 λ² λ€μμλΌ μΉ΄λΌμΉ΄μ€, 2023.5 <νκ΅> κ΄μ£ΌΒ·μμΈ, 2023.11 κ·Έλ¦¬μ€ μν
λ€μμ λ°μ μ κΈ°μΉλ₯Ό λ€κ³ κ΅μ 컨νΌλ°μ€λ₯Ό κ°μ΅νκ³ κ³΅λμ μΈμ λ°ννλ©° λμ€μ μΈ μ§νμ μμλ₯Ό λ²μ΄λ©° λ°μ μΈλ ₯μ νλλ‘ κ²°μ§μν€κΈ° μν΄ λΆν¬νλ€. 2024 3~4μ μΈκ³λ°μ νλ«ν¬μ΄μ΄ <νκ΅>μ λ³νμ κ°κ·Ήλ¨κ³Ό ν¨κ» μ λ½μν곡μ°ν¬μμ μ κ°νκ³ 2024.5 μΈκ³λ°μ νλ«ν¬μ΄λνλ¨μ΄ λ¬μμ λλ°μ€μ§μμ λ°©λ¬Ένκ³ νμ§ κ³΅λμ£ΌμμΈλ ₯Β·λ°μ ν¬μμΈλ ₯κ³Ό μ κ·Ή μ°λνλ©° 2024.6 μ€νμΈ λ§λ리λμμ κ΅μ 컨νΌλ°μ€λ₯Ό κ°μ΅νκ²λ λͺ¨λ μΈκ³λ°μ ν¬μμ κ°ννκΈ° μν΄μλ€.
μ€λ μΈκ³λ°μ ν¬μμμ κ°μ₯ μ€μν μ¬μμ΄λ‘ μ λΉλ©΄κ³Όμ λ κ²μΌλ‘λ μ κ΅μ£Όμλ₯Ό λ°λνλ€κ³ νλ©΄μλ μ€μ λ‘λ μ κ΅μ£Όμμ λκ°μ λͺ©μ리λ₯Ό λ΄λ©° λ°μ ν¬μμ μ΅μ μ μ μμλ λ¬μμμ μ΄λλ±<μ νμμΆ>μ λ°λνκ³ λ¬μμμ μ€κ΅, μ¬μ§μ΄ μ‘°μ κΉμ§λ μ κ΅μ£Όμλ‘ λͺ°κ³ μλ μ¬μ΄λΉκ³΅λμ£ΌμμΈλ ₯, μμ μ£ΌμΒ·κΈ°νμ£ΌμΒ·μ’
νμ£ΌμμΈλ ₯κ³Ό λ§μ μ리ν μ¬μμ μ λμμμ΄ λκΉμ§ λ²μ΄λκ²μ΄λ€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μΈκ³λ°μ ν¬μμμ κ°μ₯ μ€μν μ€μ²μ λΉλ©΄κ³Όμ λ 곡λμ£ΌμμΈλ ₯μ΄ κ³Όνμ λΆμκ³Ό λ³νμ λ
Έμ μΌλ‘ μΉλ¬μμμΈλ ₯κ³Ό μΉνλ μ€νμΈμΈλ ₯μ΄ νλμ λ°μ μ μ μ νμ±νλλ‘ νλͺ
νκ² μ΄λμ΄ λ°μ μ΄λμλμ κ°ννλκ²μ΄λ€.
μ°λ¦¬λ <λ§κ΅μλ
Έλμμ¬λ¨κ²°νλΌ>μ <λ¨κ²°νλ―Όμ€μκ²°μ½ν¨λ°°νμ§μλλ€>λ ꡬνΈλ₯Ό μΈμΉλ©° μΈκ³λ°μ μ§μμ μ΅νμΉλ¦¬λ₯Ό ν₯ν΄ λΆκ΅΄μ ν¬μμ κ³μν΄ λμκ°κ²μ΄κ³ κ·ΈκΈΈμμ μ κ΅μ£Όμμ νμμ¦μ΄ μλ μΈμ, λ―Όμ€μ΄ μ μΉμ κ²½μ μ μ£ΌμΈμ΄ λλ μΈμμ μλΉκ²¨ μ€νν κ²μ΄λ€. μΈκ³λ°μ μ§μμ μ μμ μμ
μ λ°λμ μΉλ¦¬ν κ²μ΄λ€.